Everything about Unification Of Saudi Arabia totally explained
After the fall of the previous
First Saudi State and the
Second Saudi State, The Third Saudi state was founded by the late King
Abdulaziz Ibn Saud. In
1902 Ibn Saud captured
Riyadh, the Al-Saud dynasty's ancestral capital, from the rival
Al-Rashid clan. Continuing his conquests, Abdul Aziz subdued
Al-Hasa, the rest of
Nejd, and the
Hejaz between
1913 and
1926.
Background
Following
Diriyah agreement between
Muhammed bin Abdulwahhab and
Muhammad ibn Saud,
Al Saud clan found the
First Saudi State, A state that defend the
Islam strictly, which later defined as
Wahhabism. The First Saudi State has conquered most of the
Arabian Peninsula, And was involved in war with the
Ottoman Empire. However, The Saudis was successfully captured
Mecca in 1802, which was the honor part of the Ottomans in the Arabian peninsula.
This was a massive blow to the prestige of the Ottoman Empire, which had exercised sovereignty over the holy city since 1517, and the lethargic Ottomans were finally moved to action. The task of destroying the Saudis was given by the Ottomans to their powerful viceroy of Egypt,
Muhammad Ali Pasha. Muhammad Ali sent his troops to the
Hejaz by sea and recaptured it. His son,
Ibrahim Pasha, then led Ottoman forces into the heart of
Nejd, capturing town after town, and allowing his troops to pillage recalcitrant villages mercilessly in events that are remembered in Nejd to this day. Finally, Ibrahim reached the Saudi capital at
Diriyah and placed it under siege for several months until it surrendered in the winter of 1818. Ibrahim then shipped off many members of the clans of Al Saud and Ibn Abdulwahhab to
Egypt and the Ottoman capital,
Istanbul, and ordered the systematic destruction of Diriyah, whose ruins have remained virtually untouched ever since. The last Saudi Imam,
Abdullah bin Saud was later executed in the Ottoman capital. The Al-Saud clan lived on to found the
Second Saudi State that lasted until 1891.
Fall of Riyadh and Exile of the Al Saud
The
Second Saudi State refers to the period in the 19th century when the rule of the
House of Saud was restored to central and eastern
Arabia after having previously been brought down by an
Ottoman invasion in
1818. Compared to the
First Saudi State, the second Saudi period was marked by less territorial expansion and less religious zeal.
Turki ibn Abdallah's reconquest of
Riyadh from Ottoman forces in
1824 is generally regarded as the beginning of the Second Saudi State, while the end was marked by the
Battle of Mulayda in
1891, between the last Saudi imam,
Abdul Rahman ibn Faisal ibn Turki, and the
Al Rashid dynasty in the northern town of
Ha'il. The Rashidis conquered Riyadh and forced Al Saud clan to leave the land to the exile in
Kuwait.
Recapture of Riyadh
Following the end of the
Second Saudi State,
Al Saud clan forced to move to
Kuwait after the fall of Riyadh to
Al-Rashid family. Ibn Saud, In late 1901 asked for supplies and men from Kuwaiti Amer, Planning to regain his home town. The Kuwaiti prince, who has also involved in several wars with Rashidis, accepted Ibn Saud request, giving him horses and arms.
In January 1902, Ibn Saud and his men reached Riyadh and made plans to cupture Al Masmak Castle. To kill Ibn Ajlan, Cheif of Riyadh, and conquer the castle, Is the only way to cupture the whole city by 68 men only. The castle was successfully cuptured and Ibn Ajlan was killed according to the plan and the city was cuptured within the night.
Conquest of Nejd
War with Ha'il over Al-Qassim
The Ikhwan Movement
Al-Hasa and Qatif
Treaty of Darin
Rebellions
Annexation of Ha'il and Jabal Shammar
Uqayr Protocols
Annexation of Asir
Conquest of Hejaz
Treaty of Jeddah
The Ikhwan Rebellion
Declaration of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Border War with Yemen
Further Information
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